{"id":1867,"date":"2023-11-06T20:46:02","date_gmt":"2023-11-06T19:46:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/deepening-theory-philosophy\/"},"modified":"2024-04-08T12:39:51","modified_gmt":"2024-04-08T10:39:51","slug":"deepening-theory-philosophy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/deepening-theory-philosophy\/","title":{"rendered":"Deepening: Theory &amp; Philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2c6aqg-98be8def5cd12b57a273e0786a1fca83\">\n.avia-image-container.av-2c6aqg-98be8def5cd12b57a273e0786a1fca83 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-2c6aqg-98be8def5cd12b57a273e0786a1fca83 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-2c6aqg-98be8def5cd12b57a273e0786a1fca83 av-styling- av-img-linked avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/?page_id=1585&amp;preview=true\" class='avia_image '  aria-label='Verdiepen - gevorderden hub'><img fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-1815 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-1815 avia_image ' src='https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub.png' alt='' title='Verdiepen - gevorderden hub'  height=\"200\" width=\"1920\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-loe9ku0v-88f8904bbd131aac36dfa58cf27607b9\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-loe9ku0v-88f8904bbd131aac36dfa58cf27607b9{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-loe9ku0v-88f8904bbd131aac36dfa58cf27607b9 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-loe9ku0v-88f8904bbd131aac36dfa58cf27607b9 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-loe9ku0v-88f8904bbd131aac36dfa58cf27607b9 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_image  el_before_av_heading '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Theory <span class='special_amp'>&amp;<\/span> Philosophy<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltfwqj9y-5743d5d59c5b3ea94ab8ba8deb3e9055\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ltfwqj9y-5743d5d59c5b3ea94ab8ba8deb3e9055{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ltfwqj9y-5743d5d59c5b3ea94ab8ba8deb3e9055 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ltfwqj9y-5743d5d59c5b3ea94ab8ba8deb3e9055 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ltfwqj9y-5743d5d59c5b3ea94ab8ba8deb3e9055 av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >The role of epistemology in qualitative research<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfwnbsw-8bf2a6b05ebc8699c1edf1572bb1b949 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>What is it?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Epistemology, derived from the ancient Greek word &#8220;epist\u00e8me&#8221; (knowledge), constitutes the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and origin of knowledge. The questions central to epistemology are how we arrive at (reliable) knowledge, and what counts as valid knowledge. Epistemology provides a theoretical framework by which researchers can define their approach to knowledge construction.<\/p>\n<p><em> <\/em>A traditional age-old debate in epistemology is whether we arrive at reliable knowledge through the use of our reason (rationalism) or through observation (empiricism). In the current psychological climate, empiricism is clearly dominant: both researchers and clinicians consider it very important that we collect data before we draw conclusions, and thus put observation at the center, rather than relying entirely on our minds (our reason). In both qualitative and quantitative research, data collection is central, and the epistemological assumption is that reliable knowledge generation depends on good data collection.<\/p>\n<p>However, there are also differences between the epistemological approaches of qualitative and quantitative research traditions. Within qualitative research, the focus is often on understanding and interpreting subjective perspectives within a particular context, while in quantitative research the emphasis is on generalizing findings based on numerical data. So how knowledge is gained and what conclusions are drawn from it differs between different methods, and essentially that is an epistemological issue.<\/p>\n<p>As a researcher, it is advisable to consider in advance which epistemology fits your beliefs and the purpose of the research. This helps determine the research method and how to interpret the research results.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How does it work?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Different epistemological frameworks exist. Within qualitative research, a social constructionist epistemology is often espoused. Social constructionism holds that reality is actively shaped by individuals. Thus, reality does not exist independently of man, but rather is actively shaped by man. Similarly, there is not one objective reality, but there are all kinds of realities, as it were. Qualitative research is often used to understand and interpret individual perspectives in context, which is appropriate within the assumptions of social constructionism.<\/p>\n<p>The antithesis of social constructionism is positivism, which assumes that reliable knowledge consists of objective observations and measurable facts. Central to positivism is the scientific method, in which hypotheses are drawn up, experiments are conducted and the hypotheses are then tested statistically. Positivism turns away from any kind of metaphysical or speculative explanations, since they are not based on observation. Unlike social constructionism that emphasizes a socially constructed reality, positivism says there is one objective reality. The majority of quantitative research in psychology relies (consciously or unconsciously) on a positivist epistemology; the goal is to arrive at objectively verifiable knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>Formulated in this way, qualitative and quantitative research are diametrically opposed. The underlying assumptions about how knowledge is gained and what the purpose of research is are so different that they seem incompatible (more on that under the heading Issues). While it is indeed true that social constructionism content fits very well with the subjectivist and context-bound nature of qualitative research, as a qualitative researcher one is not necessarily attached to this epistemology. It is also possible to adopt other epistemologies within qualitative research. Some qualitative methods fit very well with a constructionist epistemology (such as narrative analysis), while other methods are agnostic toward epistemology (such as thematic analysis) and yet other methods sometimes lean toward positivism (such as <em>grounded theory<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Points of interest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Adopting a particular epistemology may go along with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods are incompatible. Whereas social constructionism leans on the idea of the experience of the individual and the idea that there is no such thing as one underlying truth, positivism, on the contrary, leans on the idea that there is one truth that we can describe using scientific theories. According to this reasoning, the goals and assumptions of qualitative and quantitative methods are so fundamentally different that they cannot be combined in one study  <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2003-04376-004\">(Marecek, 2003).<\/a> <em>Mixed methods<\/em>, research methods that use both quantitative and qualitative elements are not sustainable according to this viewpoint: qualitative and quantitative research are based on different assumptions and lead to such different types of knowledge that they cannot be combined.<\/p>\n<p>Yet for many, there seem to be many advantages to being able to practice <em>mixed methods. <\/em>One epistemological framework within which it does seem possible to combine aspects of qualitative and quantitative methods is <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3102\/0013189X033007014\">pragmatism<\/a>. Pragmatism forms a bridge, as it were, between social constructionism on the one hand, and positivism on the other. Pragmatism holds that the truth of an idea lies in its practical consequences and usability. Researchers who adhere to this framework focus more on what is the most effective approach based on the research question and context. So pragmatism offers much flexibility: instead of thinking in opposites, pragmatism offers the possibility of using everything that both qualitative and quantitative traditions have to offer, as long as it is relevant to answering the research question. Pragmatism thus also encourages scientists to adapt their methods to the research question, rather than sticking to a particular method because they have a particular affinity for it (something also known as <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2003-02162-002\"><br \/>\n  <em>methodolatry<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> is called methodolatry).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-4oi4u-2ea938be358994a68673e31f3f3dafd9 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_heading  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap fullsize'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-10dmdq-1b06a5b877854446f5060183622de06d\">\n.flex_cell.av-10dmdq-1b06a5b877854446f5060183622de06d{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-10dmdq-1b06a5b877854446f5060183622de06d av-gridrow-cell av_one_third no_margin  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_cell_one_third  avia-builder-el-first  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-x50um-4ca961222ea58cbf4a8faba9ed49264a\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-x50um-4ca961222ea58cbf4a8faba9ed49264a{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-x50um-4ca961222ea58cbf4a8faba9ed49264a .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-x50um-4ca961222ea58cbf4a8faba9ed49264a .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-x50um-4ca961222ea58cbf4a8faba9ed49264a av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-6  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Must-Read<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfvjwi3-993fb24620c4ee9698d5890e27cba106 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2003-04376-004\">This chapter<\/a> is a classic of the qualitative literature where the connection between qualitative methods and the epistemology that goes with them is further explored.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Kenneth-Gergen\/publication\/302871718_The_Social_Constructivist_Movement_in_Modern_Psychology\/links\/5732178808ae9f741b2353b1\/The-Social-Constructivist-Movement-in-Modern-Psychology.pdf\">This paper<\/a> offers an interesting perspective on what social constructionism looks like in psychological science.<\/p>\n<p>The role of positivism in psychology is nicely explored in <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0959354303013001758\">this article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-78tm0e-e1125b491e4f76935ad2fa0f124321bb\">\n.flex_cell.av-78tm0e-e1125b491e4f76935ad2fa0f124321bb{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-78tm0e-e1125b491e4f76935ad2fa0f124321bb av-gridrow-cell av_one_third no_margin  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_cell_one_third  el_before_av_cell_one_third  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6f2smm-7527b5113ee0c283fec1c5ac7b901bf5\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-6f2smm-7527b5113ee0c283fec1c5ac7b901bf5{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-6f2smm-7527b5113ee0c283fec1c5ac7b901bf5 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-6f2smm-7527b5113ee0c283fec1c5ac7b901bf5 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-6f2smm-7527b5113ee0c283fec1c5ac7b901bf5 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-9  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Good Practice<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfvkvh5-2f8f106cbc39597168ae7c159e6710f9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3102\/0013189X033007014\">Johnson &amp; Onwuegbuzie<\/a> offer a nice perspective on the advent of <em>mixed methods<\/em> and how we can place them in a pragmatic perspective.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232576307_Qualitative_Research_in_Counseling_Psychology_A_Primer_on_Research_Paradigms_and_Philosophy_of_Science\">Ponterotto<\/a> gives a nice overview of the different epistemologies in this paper.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-44cm4e-8c8e1aa0abbb1b712309bbd390ae331b\">\n.flex_cell.av-44cm4e-8c8e1aa0abbb1b712309bbd390ae331b{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-44cm4e-8c8e1aa0abbb1b712309bbd390ae331b av-gridrow-cell av_one_third no_margin  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_cell_one_third  avia-builder-el-last  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2zupjy-eb1ea3fc6718beb2730337292b2ef708\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-2zupjy-eb1ea3fc6718beb2730337292b2ef708{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-2zupjy-eb1ea3fc6718beb2730337292b2ef708 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-2zupjy-eb1ea3fc6718beb2730337292b2ef708 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-2zupjy-eb1ea3fc6718beb2730337292b2ef708 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-12  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Fine Examples<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfvmldb-f0882cdd2edc63f10114331a43d88a18 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Melissa-De-Smet\/publication\/333840505_What_Good_Outcome_Means_to_Patients_Understanding_Recovery_and_Improvement_in_Psychotherapy_for_Major_Depression_From_a_Mixed-Methods_Perspective\/links\/631eefc90a70852150eac364\/What-Good-Outcome-Means-to-Patients-Understanding-Recovery-and-Improvement-in-Psychotherapy-for-Major-Depression-From-a-Mixed-Methods-Perspective.pdf\">This paper<\/a> offers a good example of a <em>mixed methods <\/em>study in clinical psychology.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1558689807299526\">a paper<\/a> in which there is a <em>mixed methods<\/em> study on the use of <em>mixed methods designs<\/em> in psychology!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><div id='after_grid_row_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1867'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-loe9efhk-e1f407c96472266e843e0bdaa220c9b1\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-loe9efhk-e1f407c96472266e843e0bdaa220c9b1{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-loe9efhk-e1f407c96472266e843e0bdaa220c9b1 .av-special-heading-tag 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>Becoming a member of the KOG<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-34ho9k-7b71f37ae7a4240d750ec46223151d99 hr-default  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_button  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-loebucvr-56b6dcd4eb8975924f3d1caf86a0d363 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Connection or learn more? Contact us directly <a href=\"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/contact\/\">here<\/a> or sign up for the <a href=\"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/subscribe\/\">newsletter<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-lqxwoe-daee1293755e028bb9e07662c046d20b hr-default  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lgbyoe-79e866e10f00988ee8601b577412be92 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-747 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub-300x31.png\" alt=\"Deepening - advanced hub\" width=\"300\" height=\"31\" srcset=\"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub-1030x107.png 1030w, https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub-768x80.png 768w, https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub-1536x160.png 1536w, https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub-1500x156.png 1500w, https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub-705x73.png 705w, https:\/\/koggz.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Verdiepen-gevorderden-hub.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ipvida-381ba44e19fa202f91a79206d9e94da4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Click on a tile to delve deeper into the next theme:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='avia-buttonrow-wrap av-horry6-50a0636814c48c28e9ca6bf81ccfe4f7 avia-buttonrow-center  avia-builder-el-24  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last '>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-g5a6da-dfee13721771c8a7e11f92d423edd346\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-g5a6da-dfee13721771c8a7e11f92d423edd346{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href=''  class='avia-button av-g5a6da-dfee13721771c8a7e11f92d423edd346 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Design How To &amp; Pitfalls\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue843' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Design How To &amp; Pitfalls<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dwysv2-bf8ea6faf390c2024e846a518dff8540\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-dwysv2-bf8ea6faf390c2024e846a518dff8540{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href=''  class='avia-button av-dwysv2-bf8ea6faf390c2024e846a518dff8540 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Data Collection &amp; Creation\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue849' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Data Collection &amp; Creation<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-cxs30e-4fea492826cc1de4d7f5e4fc6bc85ff9\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-cxs30e-4fea492826cc1de4d7f5e4fc6bc85ff9{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href=''  class='avia-button av-cxs30e-4fea492826cc1de4d7f5e4fc6bc85ff9 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Analyzing &amp; Coding\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue804' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Analyzing &amp; Coding<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-a3ttdq-a4036160023baf8c2ca3fb2a67730674\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-a3ttdq-a4036160023baf8c2ca3fb2a67730674{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/koggz.nl\/?page_id=1703&amp;preview=true'  class='avia-button av-a3ttdq-a4036160023baf8c2ca3fb2a67730674 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Quality and Ethics\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue812' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Quality and Ethics<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-96sh0u-88a2927beb651c54a3bd5788048f2637\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-96sh0u-88a2927beb651c54a3bd5788048f2637{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/koggz.nl\/?page_id=1706&amp;preview=true'  class='avia-button av-96sh0u-88a2927beb651c54a3bd5788048f2637 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Co-creation &amp; Participatory Research\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue80b' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Co-creation &amp; Participatory Research<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-81bmqm-54c0bfd9fb67aa15df650bd50c98d01d\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-81bmqm-54c0bfd9fb67aa15df650bd50c98d01d{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/koggz.nl\/?page_id=1708&amp;preview=true'  class='avia-button av-81bmqm-54c0bfd9fb67aa15df650bd50c98d01d avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Creative Methods\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue8a4' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Creative Methods<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6bm1vy-793876b432c299822c189216890ccfd4\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-6bm1vy-793876b432c299822c189216890ccfd4{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/koggz.nl\/?page_id=1710&amp;preview=true'  class='avia-button av-6bm1vy-793876b432c299822c189216890ccfd4 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Theory &amp; Philosophy\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue837' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Theory &amp; Philosophy<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-fsga6-395960e43783bdaec4265cd3f8e633a2\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-fsga6-395960e43783bdaec4265cd3f8e633a2{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/koggz.nl\/?page_id=1712&amp;preview=true'  class='avia-button av-fsga6-395960e43783bdaec4265cd3f8e633a2 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Diagnostic Concepts\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue841' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Diagnostic Concepts<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2rdhwe-fcdfdb6e5b141d7a983be52a7814614e\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-2rdhwe-fcdfdb6e5b141d7a983be52a7814614e{\nmargin-bottom:5px;\nmargin-right:3px;\nmargin-left:3px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/koggz.nl\/?page_id=1652&amp;preview=true'  class='avia-button av-2rdhwe-fcdfdb6e5b141d7a983be52a7814614e avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-small avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Meaningful Measurement\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue83c' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Meaningful Measurement<\/span><\/a>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1867","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1867","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1867"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1867\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2690,"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1867\/revisions\/2690"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/koggz.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1867"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}